Izimali zokuloadha zokubeka izinkundla zezikhumba zezinkhuni ziziphi?

Amaphuzu okubalwa kwezikhumba zezinkhuni zokubeka izimali zokuloadha

Ukuchazwa kwezimali zokuloadha zokugcina okuphelele ngokwesandla vs ukugcina okuphelele ngokwesandla lwesifundo

Kukusakaza izikhumba zesiNkulu, abasayensi badinga ukuzithandaza kubili imiphumela yezinhlobo zokusebenza: ubukhulu obuphelele nobukhulu besisekelo. Ubukhulu obuphelele bakhala ngokuthi isikhumba singathola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sithola kahle ukuthi sith......

Ukuthi Ukuphakama Kwezinkundla Ne-Deflection Control Kuyasebenza Kanjani Ekubeni Kwenqubo Yemoto

Ukuphakama kwezinkundla kwesiqondiso sesibhali kusukela ekuthi kuzoba yini ukuthi kungakhathalelwa kanjani ukuthi kuhleleke ngokuthi kufanele kubhekwe ngezinhlobo zemoto ezihamba phansi kwayo. Lokhu kuchaza kahle ukuthi kuzoba yini ukuthi abadrayiveli bafuna ukuthi baphile kakhulu uma baphambana ngaphansi kwayo, kodwa futhi kubhekisa kuzo zonke izinqumo zokuphepha nokuthi isiqondiso sizoba yini ngaphandle kokuthi kubuyiselwe. Aba-engineer babanezimithetho zokulandela lapha. Ngokwemithetho yokuqondisa ye-AASHTO LRFD, izibhali zesilawu sezinkundla zezimoto ziyakwazi ukuthi zidefele kunezinto ozizwa ngazo njengazo L/800. Lokhu kubala ubude lwesibhali kabusha futhi kugcina ngokwahlula ngamashumi ayisikhombisa ukuze kutholakala ubude obukhethekile bokudlula. Ukuthola lokhu kubalulekile kubhekisa amasimo amaningi okuthi akhokeleke emfanekisweni:

• Ukuvumela ukuphakama kwezinkundla , okuyenza ukuthi ukuthi kufanele kubhekelwe ngokuphelele kanye nokuthi kungaphakami kancane ngokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yok......
• Ukusebenzisa izistil eziningi ukuthi zibe nesikhundla esiphelele , okuyenza ukuthi kungabi nesikhundla esiphakeme ngokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi kubhekwe ngenxa yokuthi......
• Izinketho zokusekela ngokuzimisayo , okuzokhombisa amandla ngendlela efanele kunezinketho eziphakeme kuphela futhi zizokwesha izinkinga zokubuka kweminye yezinkinga zokubuka.

Umbono wasekhaya uzokhombisa ukuthi: izibhridji ezihamba ngaphezulu kwe-L/800 zokubuka zibonisa ukuthi kunezinkinga zokubuka kwezikhathi ezincane ngokuphakeme kwe-70% ngokuba kunezinkinga eziningi zokubuka ngokuphakeme kwezikhathi. Izinhlelo zokulandela ngokushesha manje zizokhombisa lezi zinhlelo zokubuka ngokushesha emanzini, zizokwenza ukuthi kubhekwe ngokushesha ukuthi izibhridji ziyasebenza ngokuphakeme kwezinhlelo zokusekela ngokwemoto.

Izinkinga Ezibalulekile Zokudesigna Okuzokwenzela Ukuthi Isibhridji Sasezilayisi Siyakwazi Ukusebenza Ngokuphakeme

Ukuthi isibhridji sasezilayisi siyakwazi ukusebenza ngokuphakeme kuyiphakade kwezinhlelo ezintathu ezifanayo: ubuchwepheshe bezinto, ubude noma ubude lwesibhridji, nokuthi kungaphi isibhridji siyasebenza—akukho inani elithile lokuqondile lokusobala.

• Amahlelo KaMatiriale : Indikhiyana yokuzimela, indikhiyana yokugqibela, nokuthwasa kuyadefinisa ukuthi isitili sithwasa njani emazini athile nezomthwasa. Izigraidi ezihigh-strength (isibonelo, ASTM A709 Grade 100) ziyakhupha indikhiyana yokusebenza ngaphandle kokusebenza okuphelele, futhi ukuthwasa okunguqukile kuyavumela ukuthatha amandla emisebenzi yezembe noma izimo zokusebenza ngaphezulu—kukhupha ukuthi isitili sikhululeka ngokushesha.
• Umba wokugcina : Ubude be-I-beam, ububanzi be-flange, nobude be-web buphatha ukuzimela kwe-buckling nokugcina kwe-moment. Amasiko afana angenza ukuthi umphakathi uyathuthukisa ukusobala kwendawo yokuqondwa nokuphatha imiphumela yemiphumela yezindawo ezingenabutho; ubude obuhle be-web bukhupha ukuzimela kwe-shear buckling ngaphandle kokuba kube mnyane kakhulu.
• Ukuhlelwa kwemilayeli nekuthinteka kwemvelo : Ubude be-span, izimo zokuvimbela (zivimbelwe, zivimbelwe ngokujwayelekile, ziqondwe), ukuthinteka kokuchitha, nokuthwasa kwe-live-load zonke ziyagcina izindlela zokuhlola. Ubude obude kakhulu kuyakhupha ukuchitha nokuthwasa kwezinye izinhlobo; izimo zokuchitha ziyadinga amacoating okuvimbela noma ubude obukhululekile—loba zizocacisa izici zombili zokugcina ngaphakathi kwezinsuku.

Lezi zizindikimela zihlelwe ngokuphelele ngendlela yokuqondisa i-AASHTO LRFD, okuyisibonelo sokusebenzisa izinkampani zokubambisana nezinkampani zemithombo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi izindlela zokuphepha ziyaphakathi kwezidingo zempilo—ngelishwa lokushintsha isivumelwano sesikhundla.

Ukuvumela Kwempilo: Ukuziphatha Kwezinsiza Nezifundo Zesikhundla Somkhakha Wasezincini

Isiphetho Sokugcwaliswa Kwe-I-35W: Amasiko Okufunda Umthombo Nomkhakha Wokubambisana

Kodwa umgqamisa wokugcina i-I-35W phezu kwezilwanyana zase-Mississippi ku-Minneapolis ngo-2007, wabonisa imibuzo emikhulu ngendlela okwenziwayo ngayo ukubala ukuthi ubuhle bokugcina kwezilwanyana kanye nokubhalwa kwazo ngokuthi ziyisiphi isikhundla sokugcina. Emva kokuzola ukuthi yini okwenzeka kahle, abazolise bafindile ukuthi ingxenye eyinkulu yobudlebende yabo yayizilayini zokugcina ezingaphakade kakhulu ukufa kalesi sebenza. Lezi zilayini zokugcina zayebonakala zingaphakade kakhulu ngokwesibonelo, kodwa xa zilungelwe ngemifanekiso engavumelekile yokubona indlela okuphuma ngayo amandla kusuka kwezilwanyana, kubhekwe njengokuthi kuyinto ekhangelwa ngokukhulu. Indlela yokuqonda yokuqala ayikubonisi ukuthi yimuphi umkhondo owenza ukuthi amandla aya kubhekwa kulezinye izindawo zokugcina, ngokuvamile ngokuphakeme kakhulu ngokuphakeme kwe-30%. Le mfula yasitshela izinguquko ezingaphezulu kumthetho we-AASHTO ngokubhalwa kwezilwanyana kanye nokubhalwa kwazo kwenhlabathi yonke, kubiza izindlela ezintsha ezihlukanisa lezi zidingo zokuhlukaniswa.

• Ukuchaza kwezindawo zokugcina zonke zezindawo zokugcina zokwesibili;
• Ukubhalwa kabusha kwezindawo zokugcina zokwesibili njengoba izindlela zokuhamba kwezilwanyana ziyagcina;
• Ukuhlanzwa kokubaluleka kahle ngokusebenzisa ukusimula imiphumela yokungafaneleka, ikakhulu emazinkundleni e-truss engaqondakali.

Lokhu kucabanga ukuthi ukusebenza kwezinhlobo—ikakhulu izindlela zokuguqula okuncane—kuyizindaba zokuqala zokubonwa kokungabi nesibindi esikhulu kwezinhlobo zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezink......

AASHTO LRFD Idatha Yendawo Kwezinkundla Zokuphakama Nezinkundla Zokuphakama Zokuphakama

Ukuhlanzwa kwendawo okugcina kuzo zinkundla ezingu-120+ zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zezinkundla zez......

Kodwa kusebenzisa izindlela ezingavanyelani ukuphakamisa ukuthi izinto ziyakhuluma ngokudlula, abahleli bafunda njengoba izinto ziyakhuluma ngokudlula — ngamanye amaxesha amandla okuchitha akwizikhombisa ezinkulu ekhuphukisayo kuzoba phakade 10–25 percent kunezilungileyo zokuvakalisa kwakhiwe. Lo mbhalo wokuthi yilokho okubonisa ngokuthi izivumelwano zesigaba sokuxhumana sika-LRFD siyasebenza njani kahle, kodwa futhi sibonisa izindawo ezinokuthi sizifaka emva kwezinye izihloko zokuhlonipha esikhundleni sakho uma iziphakamiso zokuthi ziyasebenza ziyabonisa lokho. Zibheka izibhridji zezinhlobo zezinc zase-Pennsylvania njengomzekelo. Ngokujabulisa ukuthi ziyaphakama njani ngokuphakade ngezinhlobo zokujabulisa ngokuphakade, abahleli bezibhridji babona ukuthi bafaka isigaba sokuxhumana ngapansi kwe-18 percent ngaphandle kokuthi bakhwelela umuntu omunye. Isigaba sokuxhumana sisekhona, kodwa izinkambo zisebenzwa ngokulinganayo.

Ukuqhubeka Kwesigaba Sokuload Wokubhridji Yezinc Ngokusebenzisa Ukuthi Kwe-Digital Nezinhlobo Zokubuyisa Amathuba

Ukugxilwa Kwesibhridji Esingasemthwakathini Ukufunda Ngokushesha Ukuguqula Umphakathi Wokuload

Ukusebenzisa i-technology yedigital twin iyabuyeza indlela esebenzisa ngayo amaphoyisa emitha. Iqondana izimodeli zemboni zokubhala ezide zeziquqo zemaphoyisa nezisensha ezingena kwezindawo, ibheka izikopi zomlando ozinamuhla okunye nesikhathi sokuthi kuzoba kanjani kwezinto zokwesibonelo. Izikopi zomlando ziyabheka izinto zokuthi kuyiphela ukuthi kuyiziphi iziqondiso ezinamuhla kwezinye izinqakamba, kuyiziphi izindawo ezinamuhla ukuthi kuzobheka kahle, kuyiziphi izintempelature ezinamuhla kweziquqo, nokuthi kuyiziphi izivibrasi ezinamuhla kweziquqo konke. Uma kufika isimo esingasemthethweni, njengoba kunezinkampani eziningi kunezinkampani zokwesibonelo noma umunye wamaphoyisa uyadlula ngendlela eyingasemthethweni, abasebenzi bafaka imithombo ukuze bazi ukuthi ukugcina kwamathuba kuyakhuluma kanjani. Isidingo esikhulu sifika ekuboneni izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu ngaphambi kokuthi abantu bavule izihlangothi. Lokhu kusiza abasebenzi bakuphatha ukugcina kusuka kwezindawo ezingasemthethweni futhi bakuphatha izinto ngokuphelele kwezindawo ezingasemthethweni, ngakho akukho mhlawumbi wokuthi kufanele kubhekwe uma kufika ukungabi nesilinganiso.

Amaphetho aphakathi kahle ngempela. Amabridji ongazo kule modheli yezindaba zokuziphatha ngokuthi ziyizwe (digital twin models) okuphelele kungafika emaphethweni ngokufana nge-23% ngaphandle kokuthi abe nobukhulu obuhle kangaka, ngakho kuphela ukuthi banezindlela zokubeka izithunywa zezinqubo zokuphatha izinto ezifana ne-17% ngaphezulu ngokulandela irephothi yase-2025 yase-BridgeTech. Lokhu okwenza lokhu kulokusha kwezinkundla kubalulekile kakhulu kungaphansi kokuthi kubuyekeze kakhulu ukuthi kuzobeka zingakanani. Lezi zikhombisa zokuziphatha ngokuthi ziyizwe (virtual replicas) zihlanganisa njengoba izinto ziyizwe zikwenzeka xa zihlukaniswa ngamathuba amaningi angokuhlukahluka kwemibili, njengokuguqula kwesilinganiso sokuchaza isikhathi noma ukuguqula kwesilinganiso sokuchaza umkhakha wokuphuma kwezinsuku zokugqibela ngokugqibela. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi abadokotela bakhuluma ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi baphinde bakhulume ngokuvamile ngokuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuvamile ukuthi kuyinto ebalulekile ukuth......

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ukukhula kwezindawo zokugcina kwamabridji amasili kuyiphi?

Ukukhula kwezimali zokuloadha kuyizimangaliso zokufaka isibonelo sokubhekana nesikhundla sokugcina isibonelo, kubhalwa ngokusebenzisa izifaktor zokuphepha ngokulinganisa nezindlela zokusebenza zikaAASHTO.

Ukuchaza ukuthi ukugcina kwesibonelo sokuloadha kuhluke kanjani kusibonelo sokugcina kwesikhundla?

Izimali zokuloadha zokusebenza zihlukanisa ukusebenza kwezinsuku zonke, zikhomishela ukuthi isibonelo sishaya kanjani, sivibrile kanjani, noma sithwala kanjani, esinika umlando wokuziphatha nokudala kwezinsuku eziningi.

Kungani ukuthi ukuthintana kwezinkambu zokuphakama kubalulekile ekubeni isibonelo?

Ukuthintana kwezinkambu zokuphakama kubhekana nokuthintana kokushaya phansi emaqhingweni okufaka isibonelo, kubhekana nokuziphatha, ukuphepha, nokudala kwezinsuku eziningi kwezibonelo.

Ziziphi izifundo ezenziwe ngokubona ukuthi isibonelo sokugcina siyaphela?

Ukugcina kubhekana nokuthi kudingeka ukubala okuphephile kwezimali zokuloadha nokuthintana kwezibonelo, okubangela ukuguqulwa kwezindlela zokusebenza zikaAASHTO.

Ukuthi i-technology yezindaba zokubonisa ngokushesha (digital twin) iyabuyeza ukuphatha kwezibonelo kanjani?

I-technology yezindaba zokubonisa ngokushesha (digital twin) ibiza ukubonisa ngokushesha nokubonisa ngokushesha, esibiza ukuthi sibone amaphuzu okuthintana futhi esibuyeza ukuphatha kwezibonelo.