Izindlela Zokwakha Kudingekayo Yizikhala Ezihlelekileyo?

Izintula Ezibalulekileyo Zokudala Izikhala Ezihlelekileyo Ngokusebenza Kwemfundo

Udaba Ongumodi Nokusebenza Kwesithuthi Sezimbiliyo Zezikhala Ezihlelekileyo

Izikhala zokwenza izinto ngaphambi kwebhulawa zisebenzisa imithetho yendima enguqondile ukuze kufakwe inqanawa yokusebenza engayilingani ngendlela esisisekelwayo yokudala. Izinxenye zezilisa njengezibhodi ze-I nezixhobo zomthambo zenzelwa emathengi ngezidingo eziphambene kakhulu ngaphezu kwe-2mm. Lokhu kuvumela ukusabalalisa okusheshayo futhi, kuchitha izindleko zomsebenzi ngama-30 kuze kube ngu-40 iphesenti kunalo okubonakala ekugcineni isivumelwano sika-2023 sesifundazwe seModular Building Institute. Lezi zinhlaka zinezinhlelo zokuphatha ngokwazo ezimangalisayo, okungukuthi akudingeki ukuba kube nenkolokotho enkulu phakathi. Isiphumo kukho izindawo ezimbhalo ezikhubeka kude kunesibili amachibhulu, kuyafaneleka kakhulu ezindaweni apho izimbi ezinkulu kudinga indawo ukuze zihlale njalo njengoba kumele izigaba zokwenza izimoto noma izigaba zokwenza izoyika.

Ukuguquguquka kweNdima kanye Nezimaliyo Ngokuhlanganisa Izidingo Zokwenza

Ukuhlanjelana kwezindawo zokwakha (ngokuvamile ezingu-20–30ft) nokuguqulwa kwezindlu ezihlukene kuvumela abakhethi ukubuyekeza izindawo zokwakha ngaphansi kwizinsuku eziyishumi na-nesibhozo kunalango. Izikhathi ezithile zibonisa ukuthi izigaba ezakhiwe ngaphambi kwezivumelwano zifinyelela ubungako bezenzo ezingu-92% yezindawo ezisetshenziswa ngokuphindwe-phindwe njengo CNC, amagosa okuhlelo, nezindawo zokugcina izinto ngodonga olulodwa.

Ukunikezwa kanye Nokufaneleka Kwesimiso Sokwakha Kwezinhlanga Ezizayo

Ubume bezigaba ezakhiwe ngaphambi kwezivumelwano kuvumela ukunikezwa ngokuphindwe ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kwezemisebenzi. Abakhethi bangakhipha izigaba ezinendlela efanayo noma izigaba ezithephelene ngasekhohleni nge-60% ngaphansi kwebandla lesithuthi kunamabhafu afakwe ngobuchwepheshe. Isondlo sezinhlanga ezingu-2022 sabonisa ukuthi izinkampani eziphathelene nezimali ezingu-78% ezisebenzisa izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngaphambi kwezivumelwano zazingena amandla angaphansi kwamasemini angu-18 emva kokufakwa kokuqala.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwesakhiwo Sezigaba Ezakhiwe Ngaphambi Kwezivumelwano Nenxenye Yenkampani

Izindawo ezinezulu eziphathelene nge-R-30 zikhubaza izindleko zokulahla nokushisa ngendlela ethile kunalokho kuzindlu ezintsha zezindlela. Izikhishini ezintsha zibonakala ngemisebenzi engcono lemininingwane ngalesi sikhathi. Iqukethe izindawo phezu kwesivalo lapho iziqu ze-solar zingafakwa kamva, i-conduits esikhona manje ukuze kugunyazwe amawhili afunekayo emisebenzi yomthetho, futhi nezinye izizinda ezithatha izivivelo ukuze izixhumanisi ezihlakaniphile zisebenze kahle. Xa konke lokhu kuhlanganisa, izithuthiwa zazingaba nomthelela wokubuyisela imali yokuthuthukisa izilayini ezintsha ngishumi na-15% ngokushesha kunango, ngokwabakhomba bezimali bakaqondene nabasebenzi abaqondene ngenhlanhla.

Ukutholakala Kwesilayini Sokuthuthukisa Nokudala Okuphindekayo

Kanjani Okudalwa Ngokuphindwe Kukhanya Isimo Sezimali Ezenzekelayo Ezindaweni Zokudala Ngaphandle Kwesifundiswa

Ukubuka kusasa kwezixweba zomlando zemfundo zombandla wobuchwepheshe kusho ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezithuthi kungahlawula ixesha lokukhiqizwa ngalokho okuya kuya ku-40% ngaphandle kwezindlela ezindala zokakha. Indlela iyafuncana yisecamthetho. Amabhizinisi aphindaphindwa emhlabeni wakhe, ngelinye ihlangothi izithuthi zasendulo zikhiqizwa endaweni engeyiyo phakathi kwemithetho esimweni sobugcisa. Abasebenzi ababili besifundazwe betholile ukuthi ukulayisha le mithetho njalo kuyahlawula konke okuhlobene nempilo yezulu futhi ikhuphule amanzi ngama-20% akhethekayo. Nika umzekelo wokukhiqizwa kwezinhlelo zelekthroniki apho izigaba ezihlanzekayo kudingeka zilandelane nezimali eziphambileyo ze-ISO. Ukukhiqizwa konke kisifundazwe kuza kubenza kube lula ukulawula ubume bezulu nobude obucacileyo okungahambelani nomsebenzi wasekhaya.

Ukungcono nokuthuthukisa kwezibonakude zokukhiqizwa kwezithuthi ezikhulu

Umbiko wodidi obalulekile ubangela ukuphindezeka okufakwe, kubangela izindawo zokwakha zikhiye izimpondo eziyisisekelo ngezimali ezikhona njalo, izixhobo zokuthwala phezu kwegolide ezigcine ngamathuba angu-2mm, neziphazamiso ezifakwe ngqo emibhalweni yomthombo. Ukumelana kwalezi ziphawu kuyakunciphisa inkimbinkimbi ekukhuliseni izinhlangano zokwakha kubasebenzi beziziphambo ze-automotive. Bangakhipha izilawuli zezindlu zokwakha kusuka endlini yesibili ngaphandle kokuchitha inkimbinkimbi yomboko. Ngokwesithembiso sikaAutomotive Manufacturing Solutions ngoHlobo lwelinye, izindlu zokwakha eziningi zilondoloza ubungakanani bangu-99.6% xa zihambisa imisebenzi phakathi kwezindawo. Uma sibheka izimpendulo ezithile ezavakashelwa ngemva kwezinyaka ezifewu, abasebenzi abashintshile kumasebele amabelana abekhomba ababili besilinganiso beziphumo ezingcono ngama-31% kunabo abakhula konke ngaphandle komsebenzi wesifundiswa.

Ukuxhunyushwa Kwesilinganiso Ngezimodi ZeWorkshop Ezimbelwa

Izinhlelo zomphakathi wasekhaya ezalwa ngaphambi kwezinsukwini zimanje zihlanganisa iziqondiso ezintathu ezenza ukusungulwa kwesilingo sokuphatha kube lula kakhulu. Okokuqala, kukhona izigaba ezidingekayo ezinokuba ubude babo bisebenze ku-40 methe, ekuvumela amashini ukuthi athunyelwe ngaphandle kokufaqa izimboni zokuthutha. Okwesibili, manje amandla anengqondo ayisiseko iindlela ezivalekileyo enegalelo elithutha lepaneli ukuze abasebenzi bomphakathi bakwazi ukufinyelela kwelethri yonakalo noma izilongo njengoba kudingeka. Kanti futhi, izinhlelo zezingxenye ezinokulungiswa zazama khona njengendlela, ikakhulukazi ngoba zifuna kakhulu kuzinhlelo zocingo lwesibhedlela sobuchwepheshe. Lokhu konke kuthetha yini kubagcina? Kunciphisa isikhathi esingavuselekile kakhulu. Amakhampani akwazi ukuguqula konke uhlelo lwabo lwesilingo sokuphatha ngaphakathi kwamahora angu-72 kodwa akaphinde asebente iviki elinesuku eyisithupha njengoba kabhaciswe kakhulu emiphakathini yezindawo zomphakathi. Lo hlelo olunembilesi luzomelela kakhulu njengoba imithetho yokugcina ihluka kahle.

Isibonelo: Ukwenza Kwesithuthiwa Kwezinhlanzi Zomshini Ngokusebenzisa Izinkundla Ezakhiweyo

Umnikeli wezinhlanzi zomshini waseYurophu weqembu I-1 wafinyelela ukuphatha kakhulu ngendlela eziphindwe kabili ngokusebenzisa inkundla yomshilo eqondene. Inkundla enezimpawu ezingu-12,000m² ibonakala:

Umbala wesithembu wabekela ukufakwa ngokungcwele kwezimboni zokushayela nezinhlangano ze-HVAC, okwahlanjelisa isikhelema sokuvulwa ngezingu-19. Izilinganiso emva kokusetshenziswa kwazibona ukuthanda kuka-94% kwebhabindezi ngemisebenzi yezigaba—ukongeza kuka-22% kunaphakade kwasendaweni yabo esikhundleni.

Ukuzima kanye nokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlelekileyo ezenzo zokwakha ezihlelekileyo ezilayini zokunakekela

Indima yokuzima ekulungiseni imisebenzi yokwakha kwezithembu

Xa kufaneleke ngamakhampu amade amandla, ukuzimela kuyakhula ngokushesha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwemfazwe. Lokho okwenziwa ngendlela eyayisebenzisa indlu yabantu kuyashisayo kakhulu emehlweni, nguye indlela ekuzimelwayo iyasebenza njalo njalo ngokucophelela kakhulu. Fakazani ukuhleka nge-robotic kunye nezixhobo ze-CNC umzekelo—zingafika kwi-tolerances ezincinane kune-halfe ya milimeter kwiinxalenye zomlambo. Lo mfazwano mncinci mbanzi kakhulu kwiindawo apho kukho okanye ukungahambelani kancinci, cogca ngaphandle kwe-aerospace okanye ukwenza izimoto. Iinkampani ezibekela le ndlela yokusebenza ezingeneyo ezizimeleyo ziyabona ubude be-production ebeka phantsi phakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-40 percent. Kwaye lo msebenzi obuhle: bafumana izinto eziphathelene kwaye zifuncxanyiswe ngendlela efanayo, ikakhulu xa kufuneka kwenziwa inqanawa enkulu yeentonga.

Izandla ze-Robotic kunye Neendlela Ezintileyo KwiManufacturing YeeNkonzo Ezenziweyo Ngaphambili

I-robotics zamanje zihlala zilondoloza konke ukusuka ekulungeni izixwayiso ze-stell kuya ekufakeleni i-cabinets eziphucukelayo ze-electrical ngamanje. Xa i-robotic arms eziyisithupha zisebenza ngasesivini ne-IoT sensors, zingakwazi ukubona izinkinga zokh quality njengoba izinto zihlalwa engakhathaleni xa kutholakala izinkinga emva kwesikhathi. Lokhu kubonwa kuqala kunciphisa isikhathi namathuba. I-Automated Guided Vehicles noma i-AGVs ihlanganisa indlela amathuba ahambela ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokwakha futhi. Lezi zinhlanzi ezinezimiso zibeka ubomi bezimali eziphansi kakhulu, ngamaxesha azidinga ngaphezu kwehlafu yezimali ezibalweni kumagugu amakhulu akhiwa phakade njengoba kuchazwa kwi-industry reports. Izimali ezinconyelwa ngempela zilandela izindlela ezifana nohlelo lwesikrini nesilinganiso sokwakha kodwa.

Ukulinganisa Umsebenzi Wabantu Nokuzenzekala Kuzindawo Zokuxhumana Ezizenzekayo

Ukuzima kakhulu kusobala ukwenza okuhle, kodwa sikhomba konke ukuqonda kwabantu xa kufanele sihlanjulule izinhlelo futhi siqondise izinkinga. Indlela ephileneyo ibonakala yindlela eyihlotsheni emva kwesibini: amarobhodi ayenza lezi zinhlamvu ezimbi njengekuthintana kwezithili ngokuphindaphindi phakathi kwe-98% yesikhathi, wena umsebenzi othile uyasebenza ekutholeni izinto ezinkulu. Uma sibuka phambili, izinguqu eziningi zezenzo ziqiniseka ukuthi izikhalo zophuhliso bezothatha izinyathelo ezimbili ngemithandaba yokusebenza ngokuzima ngo-2028. Kodwa abantu azizukwenzela izinkinga eziphazanyayo ezingekho amashini angazifundanga.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimo Sezinzo Yezikhalo Ezihlaziywa Ngaphambi

Ukwenza Izicathulo Ze-Aerospace Kuzikhalo Ezihlaziywa Ngaphambi, Ezilawulwa

Kwemfundo yokwenza izixhobo zomthombo, izikhangeli zihlaza kakhulu xa kudingeka ukulinganisa ngokucophelela njengezibalo ±0.5 mm futhi uqiniseke ukuthi izinto zicinyane kangaka ngokufanele ngezimali eziphepha kwe-ISO Class 8. Lezi zindlu zenzakala ziqukethe izimu ezihlelekile ezitholakala ngamandla angama-200 mm e-PUF engcinezela ubukhona bokungabi khali phakathi kwe-18 ne-22 degrees Celsius, okubalulekile kakhulu ekugcineni izinhlayiya ngendlela efanele. Izinkatho zasekhanyini zazinzwa ngamadoda amadala amakhulu athola ubumnandi obukhulu be-5 ton overhead cranes esidingekayo ekunyakeni izihlangu. Ngokwesithembiso esisha sika-Aviation Manufacturing Association ngo-2023, kusobala kuthatha kanye kukaqede kwezikhundla ezine-10 ezihamba phezu kwemfundo yokwenza izixhobo zomthombo zashintsha kulezi zikhangeli ezihlelekile ekwenzeni iziqhamo zomgodi. Zithi le nto ithintele isikhathi sokulungiswa ngaproximately 40 iphesenti kunokulungiswa konke emhlabeni.

Iindlela Zokunyusa I-Electronics Ezifuna Kuzo Ukulawula Kwizikhangeli Ezihlelekile

Izikhala ezivalelwe ngaphambili zingathuthelwa kakhudlwana ukuze zihlanjelane ne-IPC-A-610H uma kufundiswa ngekukhiqizwa kwe-PCB. Ngokunika inhlamvu yepoxi enange-static futhi lezi zinhlamvu ezinhlelekileyo zezigogo, abakhi bakholela kushintsha izimboni zabo ze-SMT ngendlela esindisweni kunazo zonke iziseko eziphambili. Sikhetheka ngokuvikela konke ngemva kwezintathu kuphela esikhathini ngaphandle kokulinda ibanga eline-30 njengoba kungasebenza khona. Izinhlelo zokulahla kulezizindlu zibambe ubumnandi bomoya phansi kwezinkinga ezingu-1,000 ngalokhuni lesikhasi wokuphumula, futhi ziqeda amathuba okusebenza ngaproximately 35%. Lokhu kumele kakhulu ekukhiqizeni kwebhuluku, into ethembekisa ngonyaka odlulileyo embonweni ye-Flexible Manufacturing Spaces industry.

Ukukhiqiza Iziphethethe Eziningi Ngokusebenzisa Izikhala Ezakhiwe Ngaphambili Zezimali Ezinobuthakathaka

Xa kusiva izikrane zokuhlanjwa, izindawo kumele zilondolize ngaphezu kwamashini angama-15 ngasentethi yosahluko. Izigaba ezakhiwe ngaphambi ngalezi zihlangothi eziphinde zibe ngama-300 mm zihlanya ngempela kahle kunembutfo yekonkret njalo. Iziviko ezulwile ngokwesimo se-ASTM C1550 sibonise ukuthi zisula umbuso omusha. Ngokwesithathu se-Industrial Construction Report esiphelile 2023, lezi zigaba ziwunywa izikhungo eziphinde ziphinde zibe ngamazenti angama-12 okusho ukuthi kunezinkundla eziningi ezingavimbi produsekheni. Lokhu kuvumela izifakelo ukuthi izikrane ezinhlanu ezinezintshiseko zama-80 zilungise nganoma iyiphi indlela ngaphandle kokudinga ukuthi zishintshane izixhobo. Kanti simemeza futhi ngezinyukwana. Ngenqubo yokuhlaza efanelekile ekufakweni ngamahora amakhanda angama-20, izimali zokudubula zizodwa phansi kwe-OSHA ye-mg e-5 ngasentethi yosahluko, kuyakugcina abasebenzi ngempilo yabo yonke into.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Iziphanga ezakhiwe ngaphambi ziphi na?

Izikhala ezivalelwe ngaphambi kwezemfundo ziyizindawo zokusebenza ezenziwe ngemitholampilo nezinqubo ezakhiwe kifabrike, ekuvumela ukuthi kudilizwe ngokushesha futhi kube yini inqanawa kunokwenzeka ngendlela eyisisekelo.

Kungani izikhala ezivalelwe ngaphambi kwezemfundo kunciphisa abavame?

Zafana nokusebenza okukhulu, ubude obuncane bezokuvakwa, ubunyane bezohlelo, nokuncipha kwamahhala emisebenzi nemitholampilo, futhi zibe yisimo esihle kuzindlela ezahlukene zokuvamela.

Ngaba izikhala ezivalelwe ngaphambi kwezemfundo zingathunyelwa izinkoloko ezintsha?

Yebo, kungakhathalwa ukuthi zibanjelwe ngezici ezinhle njengezindawo zemitholampilo yesilola, iingxenye zezixhobo ezinamathelekiso, nezinyeleyo ezingavimba ivibhirethi ukuze ziphucule inkathi yokusebenza nokuthunyelwa kwizinkoloko.

Ngaba izikhala ezivalelwe ngaphambi kwezemfundo zingasimama kuzoba ngaphezulu?

Yebo, iqondo labo elihlangene livumela ukuthi kusizenwe ngokulula ungaxhunyi amandla, ekunciphiseni ukuthutha kwemvula.

Yiziphi iindustri ezisebenzisa izikhala ezivalelwe ngaphambi kwezemfundo?

Izimali ezifana noYidlali, uMphakathi wemoto, i-Electronics Assembly, nezimali ezikhiya izixhobo ezineziphumla zisebenzisa izigaba ezikhulunywa kuzo ukwenza izinto ngoba ziyanelekileyo nokuthembekileyo.