Kunjani Ukudizayina I-Hangar Enokulinda Umfula?

Ukuchazwa Kwimfazwe Ezigxilwayo Kwihangar Kunye Nezicelo Zokulawula

Ukubona izindlela zokuhlala: amafu avela kuza kwebhendi, amanzi akhangeleyo, namathuba athile

Ukudizaina kwezinkundla zokugcina izimoto eziphila emfuleni kusukela ekufundeni indlela eyodwa yomthwalo wokuphefumula kwamathambo. Izindlela zokuphefumula njenge-Jet A, JP-8, nezifundo zezimali ezihlaza, ngaphezu kwalokhu konke izinto zezinhlelo zasekhaya eziqukethe i-electrical zibonakala njengemoto ethile. Uma lezi zinto ziphakamisa noma ziphinde ziphinde ziphume, zenza izindawo ezivame ukuphila kuzo noma amaquba avame ukuphila kuzo angakhala ngokuthi kuphela ukungqubana kwebhodi yesimahla esenziwa khona imoto, ukuxhasana nesimahla esikhulu, noma kuphela ukuthi kutholakale isithelo sokushisa. Izinga lezimali zokuphefumula likhona kuze kube khona ngaphansi kwesiphansi komphini uma izimoto ziphefumulwa, lokhu kwenza ukuthi kubaluleke ukuba kube nenkathi yokwaziswa kwezinga. Yazi lokhu: ilitha elinye kuphela le-jet fuel lapho liphakamiswe kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kusuka kus......

Ukulinganisa kwe-NFPA 409 nokuthi indawo yehhangara, incazelo yesithuthi, nokusetshenziswa kuyodonsa iziqondo zokukhulula umlilo

Isimo se-NFPA 409 sivakalisa indlela yokusebenzisa izidingo zokuphepha ngokulinganayo nokulinganiselwe kwesimilo. Ihangara ivakalwa ezinkathini ezine ngokwesikhala sakhe, ubude beendawo phakathi kuyo, kunye nesimo sokusebenza kuyo. Ihangara enkulu kunazo zonke, ezingaphezu kwe-40,000 isitambo semitha okanye neendawo ezide kune-28 imitha, kudinga izinyoka nezifazane ezingavikeli ngokungafuni umlilo ngemva kwezintathu zemizuzu kunye nezixhobo ze-foam ezenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze zilahle umlilo ngokukhawuleza. Ihangara encinci engeyikho kwe-12,000 isitambo semitha kungeke ikwazi ukuprotektha kumlilo ngemva kwezintathu ezimbini kwaye ixhobo yomphindo wamlilo engenziwa ngokwenyani. Kutheni kusenziwa phakathi kuyinxalenye ekhethekileyo. Ihangara apho abasebenzi baphucula iindlela eziphuculwa ngokuninzi kumntu kufuneka kuthiwe nesiphumo esithile sokuhlola amanzi ahlawuliweyo, iivakobelo zomoya ukuze zihlinze amathambo, kunye nesixhobo esimele ekunikelweni komoya. Ihangara yokugcina apho akukho siseko sesimilo singenazo izidingo ezininzi. Le ndlela eyenziwa ngokuchasene iyayihlanjulula indawo ukuba ibe nezidingo zokuphephela kumlilo ezifumaneka ngokwesimo esempeleni njengezinto ezigcinwa, inani labantu abadingekayo ukusuka, kunye nezinto eziphatha ingqalelo ngexesha lokusebenza.

Ukukhetha nokuchaza izinhlelo zomphakathi zezinkundla ezingcono kakhulu kwizindlela

Umphakathi wemithi ngemephu yokuvutha: imiphumela phansi kwezindlela ze-ASTM E119

Isityalisi sikhululekile kakhulu njengomthelelo othandekayo ekwakheni izigaba ngoba sathatha amandla kangaka kodwa akungabi nomgama mkhulu. Xa kuchithwa ngezimbono ezithuthothileyo, isityalisi siphinde sibe nzima kakhulu kumoya. Lezi zimbono zingaphakamisa kakhulu kangcono kunezimali eziyi-50 zezilinganiso zabo ezenzuzulwane xa izinkimbini ziphelela kuma-500 degrees Fahrenheit. Okuqhubeka emva kwalokho kuyaphakade - kwenza igumbi elivikela leli char lelo lisebenza njenge-insulation kanti imbuye yasekhanda iphume. Ukuchazwa ngaphansi kweminyaka eyodwa njenge-ASTM E119 kubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo eziphathelwe kahle zingasebenze phakathi kwezintfu ezimbili kuya kumatathu noma ngaphezulu xa ziqashelwa kumoya owepheleleyo ophakeme kuma-1700 degrees F. Lokhu kusinika i-engineers ixesha elingenhla ngaphambi koko isityalisi siyophakama kakhulu ukuze siphule kabangani kuma-1100 degrees F. Izifundo ezintsha ze-coating zibamba kahle kakhulu ngexesha lokuphakama futhi zilawula izinkinga ezijikelezayo njengezimvumo zezithuthi ne-moisture ngaphandle kokushaya. Izigeba ezingaphandle zeqinisela ukuthi lezi zimbono zisebenza kanjani kuzo zonke izihlalo zokwakha nezimiso ezidelekileyo ezidingekayo kuzigaba ezikhulu.

Ukulungana kwezimpawu ezivalekileyo ezingaqeda umlilo (IMPs) nekonkreti engavaleki umlilo ukukhokha izinzu nezigaba

Ukukhetha izinkampani zezinzu nezigaba kudinga ukulungana komlando we-umlilo, ukufakwa nokuzaliseka kweminyaka eminingi:

IMPs esheshayo ekufakeni, ikhupha imiphiyamo, kanti na ihlanya kangcono nabahlanga abanezimali eziphathelene nezigaba zokwakha okubuthakathaka kepha kuyisisekelo esihle kumisebenzi yokufaka ngokushesha namakhambi aphatha ukulawula ubude bokukhuni. Ekugcineni emehlweni enobuthakathi obude, ikonkreti yaphambili iphumelela ngoba yanezimali kanye nempilo yayo yesimo sangaphakathi sokungena komlilo. Lokhu kuyisidingo esikhulu emakhambini apho kugcinwa amafutha kangcono noma aphathelwa khona. Iziphumela zombili ziyavikela izidingo zeNFP 409 phakade zilandelwe izigaba zomphathi wamakhemikhali kanye nokuvunyelwa kwangaphandle. Kodwa, wonke umuntu ofaka izinqumo ngaloo zinhlelo kufuneka angeze ngokubanzi. Izindleko zokuqala ngaphandle kokucindezelwa kwesivimbo kanye nokuba uphiye kangakanani isikhathi xa kusebenza noma kuhlelwa konke lokhu kuyenzela ukuthi okunye kukhetho lomfaniso kube yiluphi okuhle kakhulu ngokuphindaphindayo.

Ukudizayina Ukujiba Kwemifula Nokuthola Kwezigaba Eziningi

Amasipala enzululwazi ngeziqhamo ze-ESFR: ukufakelwa, ixesha lokuphendula, nokuziphatha kwezimali eziphakeme

Amagumbi amakhulu afaka izinkinga ezihlukileyo ngoba izifazane zazo zingaphantsi kwe-40 ntle, okwenza izixhobo zokunqula engqineni zenzeke. Lapha masipala enzululwazi aneziqhamo ze-Early Suppression, Fast Response (ESFR) azenza umsebenzi, aphilisa inkunzi ngexesha elidingekayo. Lezi ziqhamo ezithile zenzelwe ukuthola izimo ezinzima njengeenkunzi ephathelene nezibhamu ze-aviation. Zinikeza phakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-250 i-gallons ngeminithi yamanzi, ziphendula ngokukhawuleza ngokuba zinezilinganiso ephantsi kuka-50. Lokhu kuthetha ukuba kukhawulezwa ukuma manzi ukuze kusebenze kwaye kukhawulezwe ukulawula izimbi ngaphambi kokuba ziphinde zibuyele ekugumbini.

Izidingo ezibalulekileyo zokudizayina kufana:

• Ukufinyelela : Iyise qhamu elilisebenza 100–130 sq ft, eliminisa ubuchwepheshe beendawo kunye nobunzima bezinto eziphakeme;
• Ixesha lokuvuselela : Ngokwesiqephu sika NFPA 409 (2022), izinqumo kufuneka ziqale ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana engu-15 emva kokutholakala kwesimilo ukulwa ngokushesha;
• Ukuphakamisana : Qinisekisa ukuthi kukhona ubude obungu-18–24 inches phakathi kwezivinini nekhanda ukuze kuholele imvilelo yosheleka—lokho kubalulekile futhi kubonakalayo ngokuchazwa kumthwalo wokwenza umshayeli.

Xa senza izibalo zomgodi, kufuneka sifakelene ngezindlela ezikhubazekayo, ikakhulu embangeni ophezulu ukuze kube khona umthelela ohlangothi okodwa kuzo zonke izivinini ebusweni. Ukudala izithdetect-esikhawuli zomoya kusiza kakhulu ekukuxhaseni izimpilo zezinqumo futhi kuyakhiqiza izinto ngaphambi kwezindlela eziphucake. Lokhu kubaluleke ngoba uma usuku lukhula ku-500 degrees Fahrenheit, isitya siqale ukugaya nokuhlukukela. Abasebenzi basekhusini besebenzisa izilingo ze-JP-8 njengesimo esiphathelene ngesiqephu se-2022. Lezi zilingo zomhlaba zibonisa ukuthi uma konke kuyakhiwa ngendlela efanele, lezi zinqumo zingasimama izinyawo ngaphezu kuka-98 iphesenti.

Ukulungisa Inhloso Yekhono: Ukwatshelwa, Ukuvuseleka Kwegazi, Nezimali Emva Kwezinyawo Hangar Efanekeneyo

Ubuhlelo babantu nokuphila kwezimali kuyaphakanyiswa ngokufinyelela kahle, ukuvuseleka okwaneleyo, nokulungiselela izinqumo eziphathelene nokubuyisa impilo. Uma kukhona izindlela zokuphuma eziningi engavaleki, ezilayinishiwe ngokomfanekiso ka-NFPA 101, abantu bangaphuma kahle noma kube khangeloshwa kwezinsuku zemfanelo. Izinkenkelo zokuvuseleka kumele zenze umsebenzi omkhulu ekukhululeni izikhumba ezihlukileyo ezithintekayo kujeti nezinye izinto ezincishisiwe. Kulungile ke mawunyuswe izibhamu kuqatha futhi zivale izindlela zokuphuma kanti nazama ukwenza imali yezixwebhu ezinezimo ezithile. Ngokuxhasa amanzi angenayo kusistim eyonakeleyo yempini, kudingeka sikhetha izinkenkelo zokushisa apho amanzi athintekayo angcwaliswe ngokugcwele. Lokhu kunceda ukufaneleka nemithombo yesiko kanti nakwenzela ukuba kuphinde kube yisimo esiphindaphindiwe ngokushesha. Lokho sikhetha ngaphandle kakhulu kubaluleke. Izimoto ezithandabuzayo ezizimelela emva kokuthi zithunyelwe yisitsha kunezidingo ezifanayo ezinokulinganiselwa kuzo nokubala izinkinga ngokushesha. Sizokholwa ngaphakathi ngendlela labo ezakhiwa. Ukukhetha kakhulu kuthinta ukuthi zibe nzima kakhulu izindlela ukuze abasebenzi basekukhondo bakwazi ukuzijabulisa ngaphandle kwezinga, kanti naqeda indawo ethile apho bakholela izixwebhu zabo. Konke lokho kuhlanya izikhathi zokuphendula kumazwi futhi ekugcineni kunceda ukuncipha izindleko zokulungisa konke emva kwazo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kiziphi izinkinga ezibalulekile zomthwalo kumakhambi akawonyeza?

Izinkinga ezibalulekile zomthwalo kumakhambi akawonyeza kufana nezithixo zokuxhumana njenge-Jet A ne-JP-8, amahhasi aqhubekayo, namathuba okuhleleka. Lezi zinto zingakhiqiza imizamo ephuthakayo uma zishaywa noma zivaleka.

Ukukhulu kwekhambi nokwesikali kawonyeza kuthinta kanjani izidingo zokukhathala umthwalo?

Ngokwesiqephu sikaNFPA 409, izidingo zokukhathala umthwalo zilandelana nokukhulu kwekhambi, uhlobo lwakawonyeza, nendawo esetshenziswa khona. Amakhambi aphezulu anamakhambi amakhulu adinga izinhlelo ezinembuzi yokukhathala umthwalo, njengezindawo ezikhathalayo nemithombo yefomu ezenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Kiziphi iziphumo zokusebenzisa isiteki sobuchwepheshe ngezimvume ezakhazimula?

Isiteki sobuchwepheshe esivulwe ngemvume ekhazimula inikeza ubuchwepheshe obubi ngempela futhi ibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekukhathaleni umthwalo. Lezi mvume zakhazimula ukwakha ikhanda elivikelayo uma kuthathelwa emva kwemithwalo ephezulu, inikeza ukuvikela okubalulekile kumthwalo.

Kiziphi izinto okufanele kuzijonge uma kusethulwa izinhlelo zokuphepha umthwalo kumakhambi amaphepha amakhulu?

Kumakhanda amakhulu, kudingeka ukuqwalasela izinto ezifana nokufakwa kwenozzle, ixesha lokuphendula, ixesha lokuvuselela, kunye nokusuka kwisilinga. Iindawo zokunciphisa ngeenozzle ze-ESFR zihlanya kakhulu kwezo zidinga.